Characteristics of Federation - JSS2 Civic education Lesson Note

Division of Powers: Federations feature a division of powers between the central government and constituent units, typically outlined in a constitution or legal framework. This division delineates the areas of authority reserved for each level of government, such as defense, foreign affairs, and taxation.

Dual Government Structure: Federations have a dual government structure comprising a central (federal) government and subnational (state/provincial) governments, each with its own distinct powers and responsibilities. This arrangement ensures a balance between centralized authority and regional autonomy.

Constitutional Supremacy: Federations often uphold the principle of constitutional supremacy, whereby the constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, outlining the powers and limitations of the various levels of government and safeguarding individual rights and freedoms.

Inter-governmental Relations: Federations require mechanisms for inter-governmental cooperation and coordination to address shared challenges and promote effective governance. These may include inter-governmental councils, forums, or agreements to facilitate collaboration on matters of mutual interest.

Judicial Independence: Federations typically uphold judicial independence, with a separate judiciary tasked with interpreting and upholding the constitution, resolving disputes between levels of government, and safeguarding the rule of law.