External Forces: Compression, Tension and Shear - JSS2 Basic technology Lesson Note

Compression: Compression is a force that tends to squeeze or shorten a material. It occurs when forces act towards each other on opposite surfaces of a material, pushing the particles closer together. For example, columns in buildings experience compression from the weight of the structure above.

Tension: Tension is a force that stretches or elongates a material. It occurs when forces act away from each other on opposite surfaces of a material, pulling the particles apart. For example, cables and ropes in bridges and structures experience tension.

Shear: Shear is a force that causes parts of a material to slide past each other in opposite directions. It occurs when forces are applied parallel to a surface, causing one part of the material to slide or deform relative to another part. For example, shear forces are present in beams and structures subjected to lateral loads like wind or earthquakes.