2019 - JAMB Biology Past Questions and Answers - page 1

Aestivation or æstivation is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation.

Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions.[1] It takes place during times of heat and dryness, the hot dry season, which are often the summer months.

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Gregarious behaviour is commonly associated with social insects that live in communal colonies (see Sociality of Insects). More

Spirogyra undergoes holophytic nutrition. 

Spirogyra's mode of nutrition is photosynthesis.

This alga contains special cells called stomata that open and close so the organism can take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during the chemical reaction in photosynthesis. It is through the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts that Spirogyra Longata absorbs light...

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Chlorophyll, sunlight, and raw materials are the raw materials needed by plants to manufacture their food.

Explanation:

Plants need chlorophyll to make their own food. They also need light, and this is most present in the form of sunlight. To see if a plant has chlorophyll, check to see if it is green, and if it is, then it is likely to have chlorophyll and chloroplasts in its structure.

Other factors include carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). When all of the four factors are present, the plant will be able to make its own food, using a process called photosynthesis.

The general chemical equation for photosynthesis is:

6CO2+6H2Osunlightchlorophyll−−−−−−−−→C6H12O6+6O2+ATP

As you can see here, glucose C6H12O6 is produced and also oxygen (O2).

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Symbiotic nutrition is the relationship between the organisms in which they share their nutrition and shelter. This relationship may or may not be beneficial to both the partners. There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. In mutualism where both species get benefits.

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Both animals and plants have more than one type of tissue which is specialised to make transport an efficient process. The vessels and tracheids in xylem are made up of dead, lignified cells. Phloem tubes are living, as are all the mammalian transport cells and tissues.

Plant Transport System

• Plant takes in water & dissolved nutrients from soil via roots. These substances are carried into specialized tissues in plant stem that act as route for water & nutrients to be carried to various parts of plant.
• Xylem is specialized plant tissue. It is responsible for carrying water & dissolved minerals taken in from roots. Individual cylindrical vessels connected together make up xylem.
• Structure responsible for translocation is phloem. It is made up of cells that control passage of food in form of sugars from leaves into different parts of plant. Phloem is positioned just outside xylem.

Animals' Circulatory System

• Oxygen is needed by animal body for various cellular processes & activities. Animal's circulatory system is main transport system in body.
• Animal's circulatory system consists of heart, blood vessels -- arteries, veins & capillaries -- & blood.
• Heart is pump that pushes blood to move along arteries & veins. Blood from heart & lungs passes thru arteries & carries with it oxygen & nutrients to be distributed into many organs & cells via capillaries.
• Blood goes into veins & takes waste products, like carbon dioxide & other chemical wastes, to be eliminated via organs responsible for proper waste excretion.

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Lymph help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials.