Computer Data Conversion - SS2 ICT Past Questions and Answers - page 2

Index registers are specialized registers used to improve the efficiency of memory access during data retrieval. When accessing data from arrays, tables, or other structured data formats, index registers store offset values that determine the starting point for accessing the desired data. By utilizing index registers, the CPU can calculate memory addresses more quickly, reducing the need for repetitive calculations during each access. This speeds up the retrieval process and enhances overall program performance.

The Program Counter (PC) plays a pivotal role in ensuring the correct sequencing of instructions in a program. It holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed. When the CPU finishes executing an instruction, the PC is incremented to point to the next memory address, indicating the subsequent instruction. This sequential advancement of the PC guarantees that instructions are executed in the correct order, maintaining the program's intended flow.

The Memory Buffer Register (MBR) serves as a temporary storage unit during memory operations. When data is being transferred between the CPU and main memory, it's first placed in the MBR. This allows for smoother communication between the relatively fast CPU and the comparatively slower main memory. The MBR acts as a buffer, holding the data until the CPU is ready to process it or until the data is transferred to or from the main memory. This buffering helps bridge the speed difference and ensures efficient data transfer.

Memory Address Register (MAR): The MAR holds the memory address of the location from which data is to be read or to which data is to be written. It acts as a pointer that helps the CPU identify the specific location in the main memory.

Memory Buffer Register (MBR): The MBR temporarily holds the data being transferred between the main memory and the CPU. It serves as a buffer to accommodate data as it's moved to or from the main memory.

While both registers are involved in main memory operations, their functions differ:

The MAR focuses on addressing, specifying the memory location.

The MBR focuses on the actual data being transferred, providing temporary storage.

Together, these registers facilitate efficient data movement between the CPU and main memory during read and write operations.