Characteristics of Democracy - JSS1 Civic education Lesson Note

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Popular Sovereignty:
- In a democratic system, ultimate authority and power reside with the people. Governments derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed.
Political Pluralism:
- Democracy thrives on the existence of multiple political parties and groups representing diverse interests. This ensures a variety of perspectives and options for citizens.
Protection of Human Rights:
- Democracies emphasize the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Constitutions and legal frameworks are designed to safeguard citizens' rights, ensuring equal treatment and opportunities.
Free and Fair Elections:
- Regular, free, and fair elections are a hallmark of democracy. Citizens have the right to vote, and elections provide a peaceful mechanism for choosing leaders and holding them accountable.
Rule of Law:
- Democracies are based on the rule of law, where laws are applied consistently and equally to all citizens, including those in positions of power.
Citizen Participation:
- Democracy encourages active citizen participation in decision-making processes. This can take the form of voting, engaging in public discourse, or participating in civic activities.
Accountability and Transparency:
- Democratic governments are accountable to the people. They operate transparently, providing information on decisions, policies, and actions, and are subject to scrutiny by the public and independent institutions.
Limited Government Powers:
- Democracy involves checks and balances on government powers. Constitutional limits ensure that governments operate within defined boundaries and do not infringe on individual rights.