Circuits And Circuit Components (series and parallel circuits, capacitors, inductors) - SS3 Physics Lesson Note

A circuit is a closed loop or path through which electric current can flow. It typically includes a power source, such as a battery or generator, and a load, such as a light bulb or motor, that consumes the electrical energy.

There are two basic types of circuits: series circuits and parallel circuits.

Series circuit: Here the components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for the current to flow through. The same current flows through each component in the circuit and the voltage is divided among the components according to their resistance. If one component in the series circuit fails or is disconnected, the entire circuit is interrupted.

Parallel circuit: Here the components are connected across multiple paths, forming branches in the circuit. The current is divided among the components according to their resistance, and the voltage is the same across each component. If one component in the parallel circuit fails or is disconnected, the other components can continue to function independently.

Capacitors and inductors are two common circuit components that are used to store energy in electrical circuits.

Capacitors: A capacitor is a component that stores electric charge and energy in an electric field between two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. When a capacitor is connected to a circuit, it initially acts as a short circuit, allowing current to flow through it. As the capacitor charges, the current decreases and the voltage across the capacitor increases, until the capacitor reaches its full charge. Capacitors are commonly used in timing circuits, filters, and power supplies.

Inductors: An inductor is a component that stores energy in a magnetic field created by a current flowing through a coil of wire. When an inductor is connected to a circuit, it initially acts as an open circuit, resisting changes in current. As the current flowing through the inductor increases, the magnetic field also increases, storing energy in the inductor. Inductors are commonly used in filters, transformers, and oscillators.

Overall, circuits and circuit components are essential for the operation of electronic devices and systems, and a thorough understanding of these concepts is crucial for electrical and electronics engineers.