Grammar - ADVERB AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES - JSS2 English language Lesson Note

Topic: Adverbs

Definition:
Adverbs are versatile words that modify various parts of speech, including verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adverbs are words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed.

Types of Adverbs:

Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs describe how an action is done. Examples include: quickly, slowly, beautifully, angrily.
Adverbs of Time: These adverbs indicate when an action takes place. Examples include: now, later, yesterday, soon, never.
Adverbs of Place: These adverbs indicate where an action takes place. Examples include: here, there, nearby, far, inside, outside.
Adverbs of Frequency: These adverbs indicate how often an action is done. Examples include: always, often, sometimes, rarely, never.
Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs indicate the extent or degree to which an action is done. Examples include: very, extremely, too, quite, somewhat.

Functions of Adverbs:
Adverbs often answer questions like when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. While many adverbs end in -ly, not all of them do. Some adverbs can end in other suffixes or have no suffix at all. Adverbs provide additional information to make the meaning of a sentence clearer or more specific.

Types of Adverbial Phrases:
1. Adverb Clause: A group of words containing a subject and verb that acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence).
   - Example: When the sun sets, the stars appear.

2. Adverbial Phrase: A group of words not containing a subject and verb that acts as an adverb.
   - Example: She went to the store yesterday.

Comparative and Superlative Forms:
Adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.
   - Example: Walk faster if you want to catch the bus.

Examples with Adverbials in Various Forms:
1. Positive:
   - He speaks English fluently.
   - She dances gracefully.
   - They arrived early.
   - He ran quickly.
   - She sings beautifully.

2. Comparative:
   - He speaks English more fluently than his brother.
   - She dances more gracefully than anyone else.
   - They arrived earlier than expected.
   - He ran more quickly than I did.
   - She sings more beautifully than the others.

3. Superlative:
   - He speaks English most fluently in the class.
   - She dances most gracefully of all.
   - They arrived earliest of everyone.
   - He ran most quickly of all the participants.
   - She sings most beautifully in the choir.