How traits are transmitted from one generation to another - SS3 Biology Lesson Note

In humans, traits are transmitted from one generation to another through the combined process of sexual reproduction and genetic inheritance. Each individual inherits a unique combination of genetic material from their parents. The genetic information is carried in the form of chromosomes, which are made up of DNA. During the formation of reproductive cells (sperm and eggs), a process called meiosis occurs, which shuffles and separates the chromosomes, creating gametes with half the genetic material of the parent cells.

When fertilization occurs, a sperm cell from the father fuses with an egg cell from the mother, resulting in the formation of a zygote. The zygote contains a complete set of chromosomes, half from the father and half from the mother. As the zygote develops into an embryo and eventually a fully formed individual, the genetic information encoded in the DNA determines the expression of traits, such as physical characteristics, susceptibility to certain diseases, and other inherited attributes.