Series and Parallel Circuits - SS1 Physics Lesson Note

Series and parallel circuits are two common arrangements of electrical components in a circuit. Let's explore each type and their characteristics:

1. Series Circuits:

In a series circuit, the components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for the current to flow. In other words, the current passing through one component is the same as the current passing through all other components in the circuit. Key characteristics of series circuits include:

-       Current: The current is the same at any point in a series circuit. This is due to the fact that there is only one path for the current to flow through, and it encounters all the components in the circuit.

-       Voltage: The total voltage across a series circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component. This means that the voltage is divided among the components.

-       Resistance: The total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the individual resistances of each component. As more resistors are added in series, the total resistance increases.

-       Brightness of Bulbs: In a series circuit with bulbs, if one bulb goes out or is removed, the entire circuit is broken, and all bulbs will not light.

2. Parallel Circuits:

In a parallel circuit, the components are connected across multiple paths, creating separate branches for the current to flow. Each component is connected directly to the power source. Key characteristics of parallel circuits include:

-       Current: The total current in a parallel circuit is divided among the branches. The current flowing through each component depends on its resistance.

-       Voltage: The voltage across each component in a parallel circuit is the same. This is because each component is connected directly to the power source.

-       Resistance: The total resistance in a parallel circuit is inversely proportional to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. Adding more resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance.

-       Brightness of Bulbs: In a parallel circuit with bulbs, each bulb is connected across the power source independently. If one bulb goes out or is removed, the other bulbs will still light up.

Series and parallel circuits have different properties and use. Series circuits are commonly used in applications where components need to share the same current, such as holiday lights or circuit boards. Parallel circuits are often used in homes and buildings, where multiple appliances and devices need to operate independently at the same voltage. Understanding series and parallel circuits allow for effective circuit design and troubleshooting in electrical systems.