Handling Computer Files II - SS2 ICT Past Questions and Answers - page 2

File encryption is the process of converting data into a secure and unreadable format using a cryptographic algorithm and a unique encryption key. This ensures that even if unauthorized users gain access to the encrypted file, they cannot understand its contents without the decryption key. Encryption plays a crucial role in file security by preventing unauthorized access and data breaches. It's particularly important when sensitive information needs to be stored or transmitted, such as personal identification details, financial records, and proprietary business data.

Access control is the practice of restricting access to files, systems, and resources based on the principle of least privilege. It ensures that only authorized users have the necessary permissions to access specific files or data. For instance, in a company's document management system, access control can be used to limit access to sensitive financial documents to only authorized employees, while restricting access for others. This prevents unauthorized individuals from accessing, modifying, or sharing confidential information, contributing to file security.

Regularly updating software and operating systems is essential for file security because it helps address security vulnerabilities and exploits. Software updates often include patches and fixes that address known security weaknesses, reducing the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches. Failure to update software can leave systems exposed to attacks that take advantage of these vulnerabilities. Hackers often target outdated software with known security flaws, making regular updates a critical component of maintaining file security.

File integrity checks involve using hashing algorithms to generate a unique fingerprint (hash value) for a file. This fingerprint is based on the file's content. When the file is created or downloaded, its hash value is calculated and compared to a previously generated hash value. If the hash values match, it indicates that the file's content has not been tampered with. If the values differ, it suggests that the file has been modified. Hashing algorithms such as SHA-256 are designed to produce unique hash values for different file content, making them useful for detecting changes or tampering in files.

Data leakage due to file insecurity can have severe consequences for both individuals and organizations. For individuals, it can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and compromised personal information. This can result in damaged credit scores, fraudulent activities, and emotional distress. For organizations, data breaches can lead to reputational damage, loss of customer trust, legal liabilities, and financial repercussions. Proprietary information, trade secrets, and customer data can be exposed, leading to competitive disadvantages and regulatory penalties. In some cases, data breaches can even lead to business closures and severe financial setbacks.