Internal Forces: Bending and Torsion - JSS2 Basic technology Lesson Note

Bending: Bending is a combination of compression and tension that occurs when external forces cause a structure to bend or flex. It results in compression on one side of the material and tension on the opposite side. For example, beams in buildings and bridges experience bending due to the loads they support.

Torsion: Torsion is a twisting force that causes an object to rotate around an axis. It occurs when equal and opposite torques are applied to the ends of an object, causing sections of the object to twist relative to each other. For example, shafts in machinery and helicopter blades experience torsion.