2017 - JAMB Biology Past Questions and Answers - page 5

Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is a parasite affecting a range of livestock and other species. Final hosts in which it can develop to sexual maturity include livestock such as sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, goats, alpacas and deer. People can be infected by eating water cress growing along creeks in fluke-infested country

Predation include all interactions in which one organism consumes all or part of another. This includes predator-prey, herbivore-plant, and parasite-host interactions.

Migration is the movement of individuals of a species from one place to another.
Mutualism is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other.

Edaphic factor is an abiotic factor relating to the physical or chemical composition of the soil found in a particular area.

Mosses do not have a proper roots, but have threadlike rhizoids that anchor them to their substrate.

Rhizoids absorb water by capillary action, in which water moves up between threads of rhizoids and not through each of them as it does in roots.

hyphae are also important in the reproductive process in that they produce new spores while root hairs are important for the uptake of nutrients

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the reaction rate.

The first stage of incomplete metamorphosis is the egg. During this time, the insect will hatch into a form called a nymph.

The nymph is basically a small version of the adult insect.

Gametes are reproductive cells (sex cells) that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called a zygote. Male gametes are sperm and female gametes are ova (eggs).
Embryo is the stage of animal development in the uterus before the animal is considered a fetus. In humans this is equivalent to the first three months.

Savannas are quite low in tree species diversity because of stringent ecological requirements but fairly high in diversity of herbaceous plants. Tree growth is controlled not only by rainfall but also by soil type; large areas of hardpan soils, allow no tree roots to penetrate except through cracks, and the cracks determine tree distribution.
Large mammals are at their most diverse in this open environment, in which they can move about freely and yet find shelter among woody vegetation. Large herbivores are successful because of the tremendous biomass of herbaceous vegetation produced annually, and there are many carnivores to crop them in turn.
Tropical rain forests occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season, distinct buttress roots of trees.
Montane forest refers to any ecosystem found in mountains. These ecosystems are strongly affected by climate, which gets colder as elevation increases.
A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

Red blood cell aslo kn own as erythrocytea disk-shaped, biconcave cell in the blood that contains hemoglobin, lacks a nucleus, and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues

White blood cells or leukocytes, are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials.

Platelets, or thrombocytes or yellow blood cells, are very small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots.

Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells

The knee joint is one of the strongest and most important joints in the human body. It allows the lower leg to move relative to the thigh while supporting the body’s weight.

Movements at the knee joint are essential to many everyday activities, including walking, running, sitting and standing.

The knee, also known as the hinge joint(tibiofemoral joint) formed between three bones: the femur, tibia, and patella.

A gliding joint, also known as a plane joint or planar joint, is a common type ofjoint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces.

Pivot joint, also called rotary joint is a freely moveable joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. Pivot joints also provide for the twisting movement of the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) against the upper arm.

The ball and socket joint (or spheroidal joint) is a type of synovial joint which enables the bone to move in many places (nearly all directions). These are found in the hip.