2023 - JAMB Biology Past Questions and Answers - page 4

Sex-linked traits are located on the sex chromosomes, specifically the X and Y chromosomes. These traits are often associated with genes located on the X chromosome, and their inheritance patterns are influenced by the sex of the individual.

Autotrophic nutrition is the type of nutrition in which organisms produce their own food using energy from the sun (photosynthesis) or inorganic substances (chemosynthesis), without relying on external sources for nutrients.

This process is common in plants and certain bacteria that can synthesize organic compounds from simple inorganic substances.

Gibberellins are plant hormones responsible for promoting cell elongation and growth. They stimulate the elongation of stems, enhance germination, and contribute to various aspects of plant development.

The membrane around the vacuole is known as the tonoplast. It separates the vacuole's contents, which may include water, nutrients, and waste products, from the rest of the cell.

Germination is the process in which a seed breaks dormancy and starts to grow.

During germination, the seed absorbs water, swells, and metabolic processes resume, leading to the emergence of the embryonic plant (embryo) from the seed.

This marks the beginning of seedling growth.

All of the above options are evidence of evolution. 

- Similarities in embryonic development suggest a common ancestry among different species.
- Fossils of extinct organisms provide a record of past life forms and show changes over time.
- Homologous structures in different species share a common evolutionary origin, indicating a divergence from a common ancestor.

So, when considering all the given options, they collectively contribute to the evidence supporting the theory of evolution.

The term used to describe the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support indefinitely is "carrying capacity".

This represents the equilibrium point at which the available resources in an ecosystem match the population's needs, and it defines the sustainable population size for that particular environment.

Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter. Unlike plants, fungi are not photosynthetic, and they rely on external sources of organic material for nutrition. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular, but the majority are multicellular. Additionally, fungi reproduce through spores, not the formation of seeds.

Courtship behaviours involve displays and rituals performed by both males and females to attract a mate. These behaviours play a crucial role in the mating process, allowing individuals to communicate their readiness and suitability for reproduction.

The interactions during courtship can include various displays, vocalizations, and movements that serve to attract a potential mate.

The establishment of marine protected areas represents an example of ecological management and conservation through a biological association.

Marine protected areas are designated regions where human activities are regulated to protect ecosystems, preserve biodiversity, and promote sustainable resource management.

This approach involves recognizing and preserving the interconnected biological relationships within the marine environment.