2006 - JAMB Government Past Questions and Answers - page 5

Fascism originated from Italy.

It is a system of government which stresses the supremacy of the state over the individual and then the superiority of its own race over the races of other countries Fascism started in Italy in the year 1922 and dissolved in 1943 under Benito Mussolini.

Delegated Legislation is one of the ways through which the executive performs legislative functions. Delegated legislation is a system whereby legislative powers are delegated by Acts of Parliament to the Ministers, Government Departments, Local Government Authorities and public Corporations. These rules, orders and regulations made by the Executive i.e the Ministers are referred to as ''Statutory Instruments'' to differentiate them from Acts of Parliament.

The signing of protectorate treaty was used by the Europeans to penetrate Northern Nigeria.

In 1885 the Oil Rivers Protectorate was proclaimed covering the present Nigerian coast and territories from it as far as Lokoja and the River Benue. In order to provide for the territories farther north, in 1886, Taubman's company was given a Royal Charter authorizing it to act as a government in those places with which it had treaties. The company's name was changed to the ''Royal Niger Company'' and in 1887 the British Government proclaimed a protectorate over the areas that the company administered.

There is only one political party recognized by law in a dominant one-party system.

One party system may be defined as a political system in which only one political party is legally and constitutionally allowed to operate. Every body in the state who wishes to participate actively in politics must have to coin the only party in existence. Example are:

1. China

2. Spain

3. Tanzania

4. Ghana (during the time of Kwame Nkrumah)

5. Zambia

6. Guinea (under Ahmed Toure)

These countries have at one time or the order operated this system.

Individual as opposed to collective responsibility is a basic feature of the Presidential System of Government.

The principle of collective responsibility does not hold in the Presidential system but in the parliamentary system.

The type of government in which an individual wields absolute power is called autocracy.

Autocracy may be defined as rule with iron hand when only the desires of the ruler are fulfilled.

It is also the form of government in which one person rules with absolutes power and authority without caring for the wishes of the people. Example, France during the time of Louis XIV and Nazi Germany.

Public Opinion helps a government to develop the country in line with the people's aspirations.

Public Opinion is the beliefs, values and attitudes which are commonly held and expressed by majority of the people on a given public issue.

Some of the functions of Public Opinion are as follows:

1. Public Opinion helps the government to know what the public think about its policies and actions.

2. It helps a responsible government to moderate her actions if possible to drop some actions that may help to pull down the government.

3. It wakes up government and its agencies from slumber.

4. It enables the government to know the needs and aspirations of its citizens.

5. It brings about the formulation of policies and taking actions that are to the best interest of majority of its citizens.

The fusion of Ceremonial and Executive Powers is a distinctive feature of the Presidential system of government.

Presidential system of government is the one in which the head of State of a country is also the head of government of the same country. It is a system in which all executive powers are vested in one person with the title of the Executive President.

As head of State, he has the power to sign a bill into law. In case of anomalies, he can refuse to sign a bill until the anomalies are corrected by the two House-House of Representatives and the House of Senate.

Coming to Ceremonial Functions, he represents the country at some events such as taking salute at parade grounds on independence day celebrations.

As a component of the stat, the civil service is important because it ensures continuity in governance.

Civil Service is a body of skilled, permanent and paid officials who carry out day to day business of government.

The civil service is divided into departments called ministries.

some of the characteristics are

1. Permanence
The Civil Service is a permanent government institution. It does not change with the government that created it. Its workers enjoy secured appointment.

2. Neutrality
The Civil Service and its workers-the civil servants are political neutral. They are not expected to take part in partisan politics unless they resign their appointment.

3. Expertise
The Civil Services are expected to be experts in the functions they perform. They therefore suppose to have a good measure of expert knowledge and intelligence.

4. Impartiality
The Civil Service and civil servants are expected to serve any government or political party in power without fear or favour. They should then not allow their political interest to becloud their faithfulness.

5. Anonymity
The Civil Servants are anonymous, they are therefore seen but do not speak to the press unless authorized by the Minister. They do not disclose official secrets.

6. Merits
Recruitment into the Civil Service should be based on merit and not on quota or favouritism. This is for them to perform their functions very well and ensure the success of the government.

Kari Marx was one of the greatest advocates of Socialism.

Socialism may be defined as a social, economic and political system in which the state owns and controls the means of production, exchange and distribution of goods and services. The main aim of Socialism is to ensure equal distribution of the nation's wealth.

Countries that practice this economic system (known as the Second World)
Include:

1. Russia

2. Caechoslovakia

3. Bulgaria

4. China

5. Cuba

6. Romania

7. Albania

8. Poland

9. The German Democratic Republic.

Some African countries that have also practised this system at one time or the other include:

1. Tanzania

2. Ethiopia

3. Angola

4. Burkina Faso

5. Guinea

6. Mozambique etc.

Socialist economy is based on the central planning of all economic activities as opposed to the capitalist market price mechanism otherwise called capitalism.

Kari Marx, a German (1818 - 1883) was the founder and propounder of modern socialism.

The collaborator of Kari Marx in developing modern socialism was Friedrich Engels (1882-1895).

Vladimer Lenin led his Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party (now known as the Communist Party of Russia) to carry out the Socialist Revolution. That was in 1917 in the defunct Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)