2024 - JAMB Government Past Questions and Answers - page 2

The organs of ECOWAS include:* The Authority of Heads of State and Government (Conference)* The Council of Ministers* The Community Parliament* The Community Tribunal* The SecretariatThe Secretariat is an organ of ECOWAS, not an organ that ECOWAS does not include.

The bipolar world, characterized by the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, significantly influenced the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): This movement was established to provide a platform for countries that did not want to align with either the US or the Soviet bloc. It aimed to promote independence, sovereignty, and self-determination.
• Technical Aid Corps: This is a program aimed at providing technical assistance.
• NEPAD: The New Partnership for Africa's Development is a development program of the African Union.
• ECOMOG: The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group was a peacekeeping force.

Therefore, the bipolar world environment directly led to the formation of NAM as a response to the political landscape.

Red-tape refers to excessive bureaucracy or rigid rules and regulations that can slow down processes. A unitary structure of government, where power is centralized, tends to have fewer layers of bureaucracy compared to federal or confederal systems. Therefore, the absence of red-tape is more likely to be a merit of a unitary structure.

The most effective instrument adopted by Nigeria against the East-West Cold War in the 1960s was the Non-alignment policy.Here's why:* **Non-alignment:** This policy meant that Nigeria chose not to align itself with either the Western (US-led) or Eastern (Soviet-led) blocs during the Cold War. This allowed Nigeria to maintain its sovereignty and independence in making decisions on international issues. It also enabled Nigeria to interact with and receive aid from both sides, which was advantageous.* **Other options:** * **Good neighborliness:** While important, good neighborliness primarily focuses on relationships with countries directly bordering Nigeria. It doesn't directly address the global Cold War. * **Africa as the centrepiece:** This policy, while important for Nigeria's foreign policy, is more about focusing on African affairs. It doesn't inherently combat the Cold War. * **Anti-apartheid stance:** This stance, though morally sound, was a specific response to apartheid in South Africa and didn't directly counter the Cold War tensions.

Less political interference is the most crucial factor for enhancing the productivity of public corporations. Political interference often leads to mismanagement, corruption, and inefficient decision-making, all of which hinder productivity.

Democracy is a form of government where the power resides in the people, and citizens participate in decision-making, either directly or through elected representatives.

The rationale behind adopting a federal system in Nigeria is to:* **Promote unity in diversity:** A federal system allows different ethnic and regional groups to coexist within a single country by granting them a degree of autonomy. This is particularly important in a diverse country like Nigeria.* **Promote the autonomy of states:** While promoting unity, the federal system also protects the autonomy of the federating units (states), allowing them to manage their internal affairs.* **Prevent tyranny:** It diffuses power between the central government and the states, making it more difficult for any one entity to become too powerful.

* **School:** Schools are institutions established by the state to provide education. They directly teach civic education, history, and other subjects that impart political values, knowledge, and norms. This constitutes direct political socialization.* **Church, peer groups, and mass media:** While these can indirectly influence political socialization, they are not directly controlled or undertaken by the state in the same manner as schools.

The correct answer is Benito Mussolini. He was the Italian political leader who founded the National Fascist Party and ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 to 1943.

Pressure groups are organizations that aim to influence government policies. They often use various methods to achieve their goals, including strike action. Strikes are a way for these groups to demonstrate their power and draw attention to their demands.