2007 - JAMB Government Past Questions and Answers - page 3

Fascism is a political ideology that advocates extreme nationalism and suppression of individual liberties.

It is a system of government which stresses on the supremacy of state over the individual and also the superiority of its own race over the races of other countries it was founded by an Italian leader known as Benito Mussolini. Adolf Hitler of Germany also believed in the theory but he referred to his own version as Nazism

Fascism started in Italy in 1922 and dissolved in the year 1943.

In a democracy,a major set back in the judicial process is political neutrality

Referendum is a vote taken by the citizenry on an important political issue .

It is also the submission to the electorates for the purpose of approval or rejection of some categories of legislation.

A constitution is classified as rigid if it requires special procedures to amend.

A rigid constitution cannot be amended or changed so easily due to its special stringent and cumbersome procedures of amendment. It should be noted that not all sections of rigid constitution are difficult to amend.

Some countries with rigid constitution are as follows:

1. United States of America (U.S.A)

2. France

3. Canada

4. Australia

5. Ghana

6. Switzerland

7. Sierra Leone

8. Gambia

9. Nigeria, etc.

Obedience to the laws of the land is one of the obligations of a citizen. Every of his country including traffic laws irrespective of his position.

Other dues and obligations are as follows:

1. Payment of taxes

2. Voting at elections

3. Detection and Prevention of crimes

4. Loyalty

5. Respect for the National Flag

6. Service to the Nation

7. Care of Public Property

8. Defence of the Country

9. Respect to all Government Officials

10. Respect for National Anthem, etc.

One of the objectives of a multi party system is to provide alternatives.

Multiparty gives wide range of choice to the electorate. Just as there are many parties, for the voters, there are also many attractive political manifestoes to choose from.

The conduct of external relations an exception to the mandate of the legislature .

A constitution formulated and imposed on a country without popular participation is said to be created by Decree.

Decree is law made by the Federal Military Government.

All military administrations are dictatorship. They rule by decrees that in most cases, may not be challenged in any count of law.

The military administration is not accountable to the people, does not listen to public opinion. They pass their laws through Decrees without any regard to the feelings of the masses. In most cases, their decrees contain some ouster clauses that render the judiciary powerless.

In a parliamentary system,the term shadow cabinet is often used to refer to portfolio designates of the party in opposition.

Shadow Cabinet is done by the opposition party. This is by forming their own executive getting ready to control the government if the government in power happens to fail.

The Shadow Cabinet or Shadow government is also opposition which is officially recognized in a cabinet system of government. Such government criticisms the activities of the government in power.

The Portuguese made the earliest contact with the Nigerian society. They were the first foreigners definitely known to have visited West Africa by sea.

In the fifteenth century A.D. the Europeans made their first recorded visit to West Africa including Nigeria with immediate and important results. As far as one man was responsible for this event, the credit must eventually go to Prince Henry of Portugal, who later became known as Henry the Navigator.

According to C.R. Niven in his book titled A Short History of Nigeria (1962), ''the King of Portugal made a contract in the middle of the fifteenth century with one Fernao Gomez, where by the later agreed to explore one hundred leagues every year starting from Sierra Leone and working towards along the coast. Ruy de Sequeira who was in command of one of his expeditions, reached Lagos in the year 1472.